Multi-tasking
(Using more than 1 program at a time!)

Abstract
	Multitasking, or task switching is a very convenient feature of Windows, but one that beginners are afraid to use. Although the term multitasking refers to being able to work in more than one program at the same time, it is often confused with having more than one “window,” open in one program. Programs such as word processors, spread sheets, data bases and presentation programs permit you to have more than one file or window open at a time. For example, in Word Perfect you can have 9 documents or files open at the same time. To change between the files in an application program, you click on the word “Window” on the menu line then click on the name of the file on which you wish to work. It is also possible to “tile” the documents you have open so that you can see all the document on the screen at the same time. To make a file active, that is, make it so you can work on it, simply, click anywhere on the file window. Then, if you need that window larger, either click on the maximize button or resize it using the mouse.
Multi-tasking
	Windows, however ALSO allows you to work on more than one program at a time. Before Windows, if you were working in a word processor, and received a phone call in which someone asked you a question that required you to access your data base to get the answer, you had to save the document in your word processor, close the word processor, enter your data base, find the answer, close the data base, again open your word processor, retrieve the document on which you were working, find your place in the document and resume working. All very tedious and time consuming.
	In Windows when you are using your word processor and need information from your data base, you simply leave the word processor running, open up the data base (or switch to it if it is already open), get the information, switch back to your word processor and resume work. But it is even better than that. Let’s say that you are writing a letter and need an address. Simply switch to the data base, select the data you need, use the program’s copy feature, switch back to your word processor and use that program’s paste feature to put it into the letter.
	I can hear you now, “That’s way to complicated for me.” Nonsense! Read the simple directions that follow. Perhaps the most complicated thing is believing that this can be done and readjusting your mental structures to allow for it. 
	Although you are probably not aware of it, you are already multi-tasking when using either a word processor, or a data base. You see, the program manager is always running in the background. Have you noticed that when you leave your application program, you are returned to the program manager? The program manager is there to enable you to open another program or tool at the same time that you have a program open, as well as assist you to exit Windows.
	In Windows 95, all the programs that are open are represented by an icon on the task bar on the bottom of the screen. It the program you want is not open, use the start button to open it, then switch between programs by clicking on the appropriate icon on the task bar.
	If you are using Windows 3.11 you multitask by holding down the Alt key and tapping the tab key. A little box pops up on the screen, saying program manager. Release the Alt key and you are in the program manager, but your present application is still open and whatever you were working on at the time is still there in the same position you were in when you activated the Program Manager. You can return to your former application by using the Alt-Tab key combination again. Or you can open another application program.
	Because multi-tasking is often used for moving data between programs it is helpful to understand how “cut and paste” works. These principles work whether you are moving data within a program, or between programs.  Whenever you select an item to copy or move (cut) Windows places this item on what Windows calls a “clipboard.” In reality, this is a place in memory that is accessible to all programs, but is reserved for cut and paste activities. The item you place there is available to any other Windows program. The item stays on the clipboard until you place another item on the clipboard, either in the same program, or in another program. Thus, when you invoke the “paste”  command, the data from the clipboard is pasted wherever your insertion point is in whatever program you have active at the time. 
	There are other ways of moving information between applications. The deepest level of integration between programs involves what is called linking and embedding. At this level, changes in a file under one application program are automatically recorded in a file in another application. For example, let’s say that you have a data base of addresses. You also have a merge file of these same address in your word processor. Under DOS procedures, every time you changed the data base, if you wished your word processor file to be up to date you would also need to change it. Under Windows, you can “hot link” these two files so that when changes are made to the data in the data base, they are automatically linked to the merge file in the word processor.
References
AMIA Consumer Health Informatics Working Group. (2007, July 12). Mission Statement.   Retrieved March 25, 2008, from http://www.amia.org/mbrcenter/wg/chi/.
Westra, B. L., C. W. Delaney, et al. (2008). Nursing standards to support the electronic health record. Nursing Outlook 56(5): 258-266.
AMIA Nursing Informatics Working Group. (2007, July 12). Categories of Nursing Informatics Programs.   Retrieved March 25, 2008, from http://www.amia.org/ni-wg/ni-wg-education.
Bailey, C. W. (2005). Liberating Scholarly Literature with E-Prints and Open Access Journals.   Retrieved March 3, 2005, from http://www.arl.org/pubscat/pubs/openaccess/OABweb.pdf.

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